Bahasa Inggris memiliki banyak root word atau akar kata yang diambil dari bahasa Yunani dan Latin. Pemahaman tentang akar kata ini dapat membantu kita dalam menebak arti kata-kata tertentu dan, pada gilirannya, akan memperkuat serta memperkaya kosakata kita secara signifikan. Berikut akan dipaparkan pengertian, jenis, dan contoh root dalam bahasa Inggris.
Pengertian Root
Root (akar kata), atau sering juga disebut root word, adalah kata atau bagian dasar kata yang mengandung makna. Dari definisi ini, dapat disimpulkan bahwa root dapat berupa kata yang dapat berdiri sendiri ataupun hanya merupakan elemen kata yang masih memerlukan elemen lainnya untuk membentuk kata. Dalam bahasa Inggris, root yang berbentuk elemen kata ini biasanya berasal dari bahasa Yunani dan Latin. Root dapat dicontohkan dengan kata-kata seperti di bawah ini.
| Kata : | dog, bark, loud, red |
| Elemen kata : | carn (daging) pada kata carnivorous ab (jauh dari) pada kata abnormal endo (di dalam) pada kata endotherm ceive (mengambil) pada kata perceive |
Dari contoh di atas dapat dilihat bahwa root dapat berupa kata utuh ataupun elemen kata saja.
Jenis dan Contoh Root
Berikut jenis dan contoh root dalam bahasa Inggris.
| Root words | Meanings | Examples and Definitions |
| a/n | not, without | abyss – without bottom; achromatic – without color; anhydrous – without water |
| a | on | afire – on fire; ashore – on the shore; aside – on the side |
| a, ab/s | from, away, off | abduct – carry away by force; abnormal – away from normal, not normal; absent – away, not present; aversion – the act of turning away from |
| a/c/d | to, toward, near | accelerate – to increase the speed of; accessible – easily entered or obtained; admittance – allowing into |
| acro | top, height, tip, beginning | acrobat – a “high walker”; acronym – a word from the first letters; acrophobia – fear of height |
| act | do | activity – something that a person does; react – to do something in response; |
| aer/o | air | aerate – to let air reach something; aerial – relating to the air; aerospace – the air space |
| agr/i/o | farming | agriculture – management of the land; agrarian – relating to land management |
| alg/o | pain | neuralgia – pain caused by a nerve; analgesic – a drug that makes one pain free; nostalgia – aching for the familiar |
| ambi, amphi | both, on both sides, around | ambiguous – having some meanings |
| ambul | walk, move | amble – to walk in a slow, relaxed way; ambulant – walking or moving around; ambulance – a vehicle that moves a patient |
| ami/o | love | amiable – friendly, pleasant, lovable; amity – friendly and peaceful relations; amorous – showing romantic love |
| ana | up, back, against, again, throughout |
anachronism – not in place in time |
| andr/o | man, male | androgynous – being both male and female; android – resembling a human; misandry – hatred towards men |
| anim | life, spirit | animal – a living organism; animate – to make alive; equanimity – of balanced spirit |
| ann/enn | year | anniversary – a date observed once a year; annual – happening once a year; millennium – 1,000 years |
| ante | before, in front | antecede – to come before the time; antemeridian – before noon; anteroom – a small room before main room |
| anth/o | flower | chrysanthemum – a name of flower; anthozoan – half plant, half animal |
| anthrop/o | human | anthropology – the study of mankind; philanthropy – the love to mankind |
| anti | against, opposite of | antiseptic – preventing infection; antisocial – opposing social norm |
| apo, apho | away, off, separate | aphorism – a short expression of truth; apology – an explicit expression of regret |
| aqu/a | water | aquarium – a water container for fish; aquatic – relating to water; aqueduct – a pipeline for water |
| arbor | tree | arborist – someone working with trees; arbor – a shady area formed by trees; arborous – having many trees |
| arch/i | chief, most important, rule | archbishop – the highest ranking bishop; archenemy – chief or worst enemy; matriarch – a female who rules a group; monarch – a king or queen |
| arch/a/i | primitive, ancient | archaeology – the study of ancient cultures; archaic – belonging to an earlier period; archive – a collection of historical materials |
| arthr/o | joint | arthroscope – a tool to see inside a joint; arthritis – inflammation of a joint; arthropod – invertebrates with jointed legs |
| art | skill | artifact – object made by a person’s skill; artisan – a person skilled in a craft; artist – a person who creates skillfully |
| astro, aster |
star, stars, outer space | astronaut – a person traveling to the stars; astronomer – someone studying the stars; asterisk – a star-shaped sign |
| aud/i/io | hear | audible – loud enough to be heard; audience – people who listen to a program; audiovisual – relating to sound and vision |
| auto | self, same, one | autograph – a person’s own signature; automatic – moving by itself |
| avi/a | bird | aviary – a large enclosure for birds; aviatrix – a female airplane pilot |
| bar/o | pressure, weight | baryon – heavy elementary particle |
| bell/i | war | bellicose – warlike; belligerent – hostile, ready to fight; rebel – person who opposes and fights |
| bene | good, well | beneficial – producing a good effect; benevolent – showing kindness or goodwill |
| bi/n | two, twice, once in every two | biannual – happening twice a year; binoculars – optical device with two lenses; bilateral – of or involving two sides |
| bibli/o | book | bibliography – a list of books as sources; bibliomania – an extreme love of books; bibliophile – a person who loves books |
| bio | life, living matter | biology – the science of life |
| blast/o | cell, primitive, immature cell | blastula – an early stage of embryo |
| burs | pouch, purse | bursar – an administrative officer of funds; bursary – treasury of college or monastery; disburse – to expend a public fund |
| calc | stone | calcify – to harden into calcium compounds |
| cand | glowing, iridescent | candid – free from bias, prejudice, or malice; candle – something that gives light |
| capt, cept, ceive | take, hold | intercept – to stop or interrupt; perceive – to take notice of something; captivating – taking hold of |
| cardi/o | heart | cardiac – relating to the heart; cardiogenic – resulting from heart disease; cardiologist – a heart doctor |
| carn/i | flesh, meat | carnivorous – flesh-eating; carnal – pertaining to the body or flesh; incarnate – given bodily form |
| cata | down, against completely, intensive, according to |
cataclysm – a flood or other disaster; catalog – a complete listing; catastrophe – turning for the worst |
| caust, caut |
to burn | cauterize – to burn with a hot instrument; caustic – capable of burning or eating away; holocaust – total devastation, esp. by fire |
| cede, ceed, cess |
go, yield | exceed – to go beyond the limits; recede – to go back |
| celer | fast | accelerate – to increase the speed of; decelerate – to reduce the speed of |
| cent/i | hundred, hundredth | centennial – the 100th anniversary; centimeter – 1/100 of a meter; century – 100 years |
| centr/o/i | center | egocentric – self-centered; eccentric – not according to norm; centrifugal – moving outward from a center |
| cephal/o | head | encephalitis – inflammation of the brain; cephalic – pertaining to the head |
| cerebr/o | brain | cerebral – pertaining to the brain; cerebrate – to use the brain |
| cert | sure | ascertain- to find out with certainty; certain – being absolutely sure; certify – to state that something is true |
| chrom/o chromat/o, chros | color, pigment | achromatic – without color; chromium – blue-white metallic element; chromatics – the study of color |
| chron/o | time | chronic – lasting for a long time; chronological – in time order; synchronize – happening at the same time |
| chrys/o | gold, yellow | helichrysum – a golden/yellow flower; chrysolite – a yellowish gem |
| cide, cise | cut, kill | homicide – murder; incisor – a sharp tooth for cutting food; insecticide – a chemical used to kill insects |
| circum, circle |
around, about | circumnavigate – to sail around; circumscribe – to draw around; circumspect – looking around |
| claim, clam | shout, speak out | clamor – to shout and make noise; exclaim – to cry out loudly and suddenly |
| clar | clear | clarification – an explanation; clarify – to make something clear; declare – to state something clearly |
| clud, clus | close | conclusion – the end or last part; exclusion – shutting out, rejecting; seclude – to keep away from; to isolate |
| cline | lean | inclination – a leaning toward; incline – a surface that slopes or leans; recline – to lean back and relax |
| co | with, together, joint | coauthor – a writer working with another one |
| col | together, jointly | collaborate – to work together; collision – smashing together |
| com | together, common | commemorate – to memorize together; composition – an arrangement of parts |
| cogn/i | know | cognition – process of acquiring knowledge; incognito – disguised so no one knows you; recognize – to discover that one knows |
| con | with, jointly | concur – to agree with someone; contemporary – of the same time period |
| contra/o | against, opposite | contradict – to argue against, contraflow; contrary – not in agreement; controversy – disagreement |
| corp/o | body | corpse – a dead body; corporal – pertaining to the body |
| cosm/o | universe | cosmonaut – a Russian astronaut; cosmos – the universe; microcosm – a miniature universe |
| counter | opposite, contrary, opposing | counteract – to oppose an effect; countermand – to cancel a previous order; counteroffensive – attack against an attack |
| cranio | skull | craniology – the study of skull; cranium – skull of vertebrates; cranial – pertaining to the skull |
| cred | believe | credence – belief that something is true; credulous – believing things too easily; incredible – unbelievable |
| cruc | cross | crucial – having the form of a cross ; crucifix – the cross as Christian emblem |
| crypto | hidden, secret | cryptic – of hidden meaning; cryptography – science of secret codes; encrypt – encode into secret code |
| cumul | mass, heap | accumulate – to gather or pile up; cumulative – gradually building up |
| curr, curs | run | concurrent – running parallel; current – flowing easily and smoothly |
| cycl | circle, ring | bicycle – a vehicle with two wheels; cycle – a sequence that is repeated; cyclone – a storm with circling winds |
| de | reduce, away, down, remove | decelerate – to slow down, reduce speed; dethrone – to remove from power; debug – to remove bugs |
| dec/a, deka |
ten | decade – 10 years; December – the 10th month in calendar |
| deci | one tenth | deciliter – a tenth of a liter; decimate – reduce dramatically; decibel – one tenth of volume unit |
| dem/o | people | democracy – government of the people; demographic – the study of people; epidemic – spreading in a region |
| demi | half, less than | demitasse – a small cup of coffee |
| dendr/o/i | tree | dendriform – in the shape of a tree |
| dent, dont | tooth | dental – relating to teeth; dentist – a doctor for the teeth; dentures – a set of false teeth |
| derm/a | skin | dermatologist – a doctor for the skin; pachyderm – animals with very thick skin dermatitis – inflammation of the skin |
| di/plo | two, twice | dichromatic – displaying two colors; diploma – a letter folded double; dilemma – having two alternatives |
| di/s | apart, away, not, to the opposite |
digression – departure from the main issue; disappear – to move out of sight; dissect – to cut apart piece by piece. |
| dia | through, between, apart, across |
dialog – conversation between two people |
| dict | speak | contradict – to express the opposite of; prediction – statement foretelling the future |
| domin | master | dominate – to be the master of; domineering – excessively controlling; predominate – to have more power |
| don/at | give | donation – a contribution or gift; donor – someone who gives something; pardon – to give forgiveness for an offense |
| duc/t | lead | conduct – to lead musicians to play music; educate – to lead to knowledge; deduction – a subtraction of an amount. |
| du/o | two, twice | duplicate – make an identical copy; duet – a musical composition for two voices; duo – a pair thought of as being together |
| dur | harden, to last, lasting | durable – having the quality of lasting; duration – length of time something lasts; enduring – able to last. |
| dyn/a/am | power, energy, strength | dynamo – a generator of energy; dynamic – having physical energy/power; dynamite – a powerful explosive. |
| dys | abnormal, bad | dyspepsia – abnormal digestion; dystopia – imaginary place of total misery |
| e | out, away | emissary – representative sent on mission; eject – throw out forcefully |
| ego | self | egoistic – self-centered; alter ego – a higher aspect of oneself |
| em, en | into, cover with, cause | empower – put into power; engorge – make larger |
| endo | within, inside | endogamy – marriage within one’s clan |
| enn/i, anni | years | bicentennial – of a period of 200 years; centennial – of a period of 100 years; perennial – lasting through many years. |
| en, in | inside, inwards | envision – to picture in the mind; enclose – lock inside; inwards – towards the inside. |
| ep/i | on, upon, over, among, at, after, to, outside |
epidemic – rapid spread of a bad thing; epilogue – a short speech given after a play; epicenter – the center of an earthquake. |
| equ/i | equal, equally | equanimity – calm temperament of temper; equation – a statement of equality |
| erg/o | work | ergonomics – study of working environment; energy – the power to accomplish work |
| esth/aesth | feeling, sensation, beauty | esthetician – someone who beautifies; aesthetic – pertaining to a sense of beauty; kinesthesia – sensation of bodily movement |
| ethno | race, people | ethnic – a defined group of people; ethnology – the science of people and races |
| eu | good, well | euphonious – having a pleasant sound; euphoria – feeling of well-being |
| ex | from, out, | excavate – to dig out; exhale – to breathe out; extract – to pull out |
| extra, extro | outside, beyond | extraordinary – beyond ordinary; extraterrestrial – outside the Earth; extrovert – an outgoing person |
| fac/t | make, do | artifact – an object made by a person; factory – a place where things are made; malefact – a person who does wrong |
| fer | bear, bring, carry | confer – to bring an honor to someone; ferry – a boat that carries passengers; transfer – to move to another place |
| fid | faith | confide – place trust in someone; fidelity – faithfulness; fiduciary – a trustee |
| flect | bend | deflect – to bend by hitting; inflection – bending in the voice’s tone; flexible – easily bending |
| flor/a, fleur |
flower | florist – someone working with flowers; floral – flowerlike; flora – plant life of a particular time or area |
| for | completely | forsaken – completely lost; forgiven – completely given |
| fore | in front of, previous, earlier | forebear – ancestor; forecast – a preview of events to be |
| form | shape | formation- something that is formed; reformatory – intended for reformation |
| fract, frag | break | fracture – a break; fragile – easy to break; fraction – a part or element of a larger whole |
| fug | flee, run away, escape | fugitive – a person who is running away; refuge – a sheltered place to flee to; refugee – a person seeking protection |
| funct | perform, work | defunct – no longer working or alive; function – to perform a role normally; malfunction – to fail to work correctly |
| fus | pour | confusion – feeling hard to make sense fuse – to melt by heating; infuse – to put into |
| gastr/o | stomach | gastric – pertaining to the stomach; gastritis – inflammation of the stomach |
| gen/o/e/ genesis |
birth, production, formation, kind |
genealogy – study of the history of a family; genetic – relating to heredity of genes |
| geo | earth, soil, global | geography – study of the earth’s surface; geology – study of the structure of the earth; geoponics – soil based agriculture |
| ger | old age | geriatrics – medicine for the elderly; gerontocracy – the rule of the elders; gerontology – the science of aging |
| giga | a billion | gigabyte – one billion bytes; gigahertz – one billion Hz/sec; gigawatt – one billion watts |
| gon | angle | decagon – a polygon with 10 angles; octagon – a geometrical figure with 8 angles |
| gram | letter, written | diagram – a simple drawing; grammar – rules of written language; telegram – a message sent by telegraph |
| gran | grain | granule – a little grain (as of sugar) |
| graph/y | writing, recording, written | graphology – the study of handwritings; autograph – written with one’s own hand |
| grat | pleasing | gratify – to please someone; grateful – feeling thankful; gratuity – a tip, token of appreciation |
| gyn/o/e | woman, female | gynephobia – fear of women; gynecoid – resembling a woman |
| gress, grad/e/i | to step, to go | digression – departure from the main issue; progress – movement forward or onward; gradual – step by step |
| hect/o, hecat | hundred | hectoliter – 100 liters; hectare – 100 ares or 10,000 square meters; hectometer – 100 meters |
| helic/o | spiral, circular | helix – a spiral form; helicon – a circular tuba |
| heli/o | sun | heliotropism – movement of the sun |
| hemi | half, partial | hemicycle – a semicircular structure; hemisphere – one half of the earth; hemistich – half a line of poetry |
| hem/o/a | blood | hemorrhage – clotting of the blood; hemorrhoids – swelling of the blood vessels; hemoglobin – red blood particle |
| hepa | liver | hepatitis – inflammation of the liver; hepatoma – a tumor of the liver; hepatotoxic – toxic and damaging to liver |
| hept/a | seven | heptagon – shape with seven angles; heptateuch – seven books of Old Testament; |
| herbi | grass, plant | herbicide – any chemical to kill plants; herbivorous – plant-eating; herbal – relating to plants |
| hetero | different, other | heterogeneous – made of unrelated parts |
| hex/a | six | hexagon – a shape with six angles; hexameter – a verse measured in six; hexapod – having six legs |
| histo | tissue | histology – study of tissue structures |
| homo, homeo |
like, alike, same | homogeneous – of the same nature or kind; homonym – sounding alike |
| hydr/o | liquid, water | hydrate – to add water to; hydrophobia – intense fear of water; hydraulic – operated by liquid force |
| hygr/o | moisture, humidity | hygrometer – tool to measure humidity |
| hyper | too much, over, excessive, beyond |
hyperactive – very restless; hypercritical – too critical; hypertension – above normal pressure |
| hyp/o | under | hypoglycemia – low level of blood sugar; hypothesis – a theory to be proven |
| iatr/o | medical care | geriatrics – medical care of the elderly; pediatrician – a doctor who treats children; podiatry – medical care for feet |
| icon/o | image | icon – simple graphic of symbolic content; iconology – science of symbols and icons |
| idio | peculiar, personal, distinct | idiomatic – peculiar to a certain language; idiot – someone distinctly foolish or stupid |
| il, in | in, into | illuminate – to give light to; innovation – a new idea, method, or device; inspection – act of examining or reviewing |
| ig, il, im, in, ir |
not, without | illegal – not legal; impossible – not possible; inappropriate – not appropriate; irresponsible – not responsible |
| imag | likeness | image – a likeness of someone; imaginative – able to think up new ideas; imagine – to form a picture in the mind |
| infra | beneath, below | infrared – below the regular light spectrum |
| inter | between, among, jointly | intersection – a place roads come together; intercept – to stop or interrupt the course of |
| intra, intro |
within, inside | intrastate – existing in one state; intravenous – inside or into a vein |
| ir | not | irredeemable – not redeemable; irreformable – not reformable; irrational – not rational |
| iso | equal | isometric – having equality of measure; isothermal – having constant temperature |
| ject | throw | eject – to throw someone/something out; interject – to throw remark into discussion; project – to cast or throw something. |
| jud | law | judgment – a decision of a court of law; judicial – having to do with courts of law; judiciary – a system of courts of law. |
| junct | join | conjunction – word joining sentences’ parts; disjunction – a disconnection; junction – a place where two things join |
| juven | young | juvenile – youthful or childish; rejuvenate – to bring back to youth |
| kilo | thousand | kilobyte – 1,000 bytes; kilometer – 1,000 meter; kilograms – 1,000 grams |
| kine/t /mat |
motion, division | kinetics – study of the force of motion; cinematography – motion picture making |
| lab | work | collaborate – to work with a person; elaborate – to work out the details; laborious – requiring a lot of hard work |
| lact/o | milk | lactate – to give milk, nurse; lactose – the sugar contained in milk |
| later | side | bilateral – of or involving two sides; unilateral – affecting one side of something |
| leuk/o, leuc/o |
white, colorless | leukocyte – a mature white blood cell; leucine – a white, crystalline amino acid |
| lex | word, law, reading | lexicology – the study and history of words; alexia – loss of the ability to read; illegal – not authorized by the official rules |
| liber | free | liberate – to set free; libertine – a person with a free, wild lifestyle; liberty – freedom |
| lingu | language, tongue | linguist – one who studies languages; multilingual – in multiple languages; linguine – long, flat “tongue-shaped” pasta |
| lip/o | fat | lipase – enzyme that breaks down fat; lipoid – resembling fat. |
| lite, ite, lith/o |
mineral, rock, fossil | apatite – a group of common minerals; granite – a hard, granular rock; monolith – a remarkable, unique stone |
| loc | place | location – a place; relocate – to move to a new place |
| log/o | word, doctrine, discourse | logic – correct reasoning; monologue – a long speech by one speaker; analogy – similarity between two things |
| loqu, locu | speak | loquacious – very talkative; elocution – art of public speaking |
| luc | light | elucidate – to explain, to throw light on; lucid – easily understood, giving off light; translucent – allowing light through |
| lud, lus | to play | prelude – introduction to major performance; illusion – misleading optical image; delude – to mislead, deceive |
| lumin | light | illuminate – to fill with light; lumen – unit measuring light |
| lun/a/i | moon | lunar – relating to the moon; lunarscape – the surface of the moon; lunatic – insane (driven mad by the moon) |
| macro | large, great | macroevolution – large scale evolution; macromolecule – a large molecule |
| magn/a/i | great, large | magnify – make larger; magnificent – grand |
| mal/e | bad, ill, wrong | malcontent – wrong content; malaria – infectious disease from “bad air” malicious – showing strong ill will |
| man/i/u | hand | maneuver – to move by hand; manual – done with the hands; manuscript – a book written by hand |
| mand | to order | command – an order or instruction; demand – a hard-to-ignore order; mandate – an official order |
| mania | madness, insanity, excessive desire |
bibliomania – a crazy love of books; egomania – a mad love of oneself; maniac – an insane person |
| mar/i | sea | marina – a harbor for pleasure boats; maritime – relating to the sea; submarine – an undersea boat; aquamarine – color of sea water |
| mater, matr/i |
mother | maternal – relating to motherhood; maternity – the state of being a mother; matriarch – a woman head of a household |
| max | greatest | maximal – the best or greatest possible; maximize – to make as great as possible; maximum – the greatest amount |
| medi | middle | medieval – pertaining to the Middle Ages; medium – in the middle; mediocre – only of medium (inferior) quality |
| mega | great, large, million | megalopolis – area with many nearby cities; megaphone – device projecting a loud voice; megastructure – a huge structure |
| melan/o | black | melancholy – a state of dark emotions; melanoma – malignant dark skin tumor; melodrama – a dark, pathetic drama |
| memor/i | remember | commemorate – to honor the memory of; memorial – remembering a person or event; memory – stock of retained knowledge |
| merge, mers |
dip, dive | immerse – to dip something into a liquid; submerge – to dip something into water |
| meso | middle | Mesoamerica – Middle America |
| meta | change, after, beyond, between | metaphysics – study of nature and reality; metamorphosis – complete change of form |
| meter, metr/y |
measure | chronometer – instrument measuring time; metric – measure |
| micro | very small, short, minute | microbe – a very small living thing |
| mid | middle | midriff – area between chest and waist; midterm – middle of a term in school; midway – halfway between |
| migr | move | migrant – person moving between places; migration – the process of moving |
| milli | onethousandth | millimeter – one thousandth of a meter; millibar – one thousandth of a bar; milliliter – one thousandth of a liter |
| min/i | small, less | mini – something that is very small; minuscule – extremely tiny; minutiae – very small or trivial details |
| mis/o | bad, badly, wrong, wrongly, to hate |
misbehave – to behave badly; misprint – an error in printing |
| miss, mit | send, let go | dismiss – to send someone away; missile – a weapon sent into the air; emit – to send something out; admittance – entry |
| mob | move | immobilize – to stop from moving; mobile – able to move freely; mobility – the quality of being able to move |
| mon/o | one, single, alone | monochromat – having one color; monologue – a speech by one person; monotheism – belief in one god |
| mot, mov | move | motion – the act of moving; motivate – to move someone to action; promote – to move someone forward; removable – able to be moved |
| morph/o | form | metamorphosis – complete change of form; amorphous – without distinct shape or form |
| mort | death | immortal – living forever, unable to die; mortal – certain to die; mortician – an undertaker |
| multi | many, more than one or two | multicolored – having many colors; multimedia – using a range of media; multitasking – doing many things at once |
| mut | change | immutable – not changing; mutant – a changed organism; mutate – to undergo a change |
| my/o | muscle | myocardium – heart’s middle muscle; myasthenia – muscle fatigue or weakness; myosin – common protein in muscle tissue |
| narr | tell | narrate – to tell a story; narrative – a story; narrator – a person who tells a story |
| nat | born | innate – included since birth; natal – relating to birth; natural – gotten at birth, not afterward |
| nav | ship | circumnavigate – to sail around a place; naval – relating to a navy or warships; navigate – to sail a ship through a place |
| necr/o | dead, death | necrophil – loving death; necrosis – death of tissue due to disease; necrology – a list of dead people |
| neg | no | negate – to say it didn’t happen; negative – meaning “no”; renege – to go back on a promise |
| neo | new, recent | neoclassic – a revival of classic form |
| nephr/o | kidney | nephritis – inflammation of the kidneys; nephrotomy – surgical incision of a kidney |
| neur/o | nerve | neuralgia – pain along a nerve; neurologist – a nerve-specialized doctor |
| nom/in | name | misnomer – error in naming something; nominate – to name for election |
| non | no, not, without | nonfiction – true, real, not made-up; nonsense – without sense |
| not | mark | notable – marked as worthy of attention; annotate – to add remarks |
| noun, nunc |
declare | announce – to declare in public; denounce – to proclaim harsh criticism; enunciate – to declare something clearly |
| nov | new | innovate – to introduce a new way; novelty – something new; novice – a person who is new at a job |
| numer | number | enumerate – to name a number of items; numerous – a large number |
| ob, op | in the way, against | object – to be against something; obscure – hard to understand; opposition – action against |
| oct/a/o | eight | octagon – a figure with 8 sides and 8 angles; octogenarian – person in his or her 80s; octopus – sea animal with 8 arms |
| ocu | eye | monocula – relating to one eye; oculist – an eye doctor |
| od | path, way | diode – tube with cathode and anode |
| odor | smell, scent | malodorous – having a terribly bad smell; odoriferous – something that bears a scent |
| omni | all | omnipotent – with all the power; omniscient – knowing all things; omnivorous eating all foods |
| op/t/s | eye, visual condition, sight | optic – relating to the eyes; optician – a person who fits eyeglasses; autopsy – the examination of a dead body |
| opt | best | optimal – the best, the most desirable; optimize – to make the best of; optimum – the best something could be |
| ortho | straight | orthography – the correct way of writing |
| osteo | bone | osteology – the study of bones |
| out | goes beyond, surpasses, exceeds |
outgoing – being of lively, sharing nature; outdoing – doing better than; outdoor – outside |
| over | excessive | overstock – more supplies than is desirable |
| oxi/oxy | sharp | oxymoron – combining two conflicting ideas oxidize – corrode a surface |
| pale/o | ancient | paleontology – study of ancient fossils; paleography – study of ancient writing; paleolithic – period of the Stone Age |
| pan | all, any, everyone | panacea – a cure for all diseases; panorama – an all-around view; pantheism – the worship of all gods; pandemic – affecting all |
| para | beside, beyond, abnormal, assistant |
parallel – alongside an equal distance apart |
| para | protection from | parachute – protection from falling |
| pater, patr/i |
father | paternal – relating to fathers; paternity – fatherhood; patriarch – a man who rules a group |
| path | feeling, emotion | antipathy – a feeling of great dislike; apathy – a lack of feeling or interest |
| ped/i/e | foot, feet | pedal – a lever pushed by the foot; pedestrian – one who walks; pedicure – cosmetic treatment of feet |
| pel | drive, force | compel – to force someone to act; expel – to drive someone out of a place; repel – to force back |
| pent/a | five | pentagon – shape having 5 angles; pentagram – a five-pointed star; pentathlon – a contest with five events |
| pept, peps |
digestion | dyspepsia – abnormal digestion; peptic – aiding digestion; pepsin – a digestive enzyme |
| per | through, throughout | permanent – lasting throughout all time; permeate – to spread throughout; persist – to continue for a long time; perennial – lasting through many years |
| peri | around, enclosing | peripheral – lying outside of the center; perimeter – the outer boundary of an area |
| phag/e | to eat | sarcophagy – cannibalism; xylophagous – feeding on wood |
| phil/o | love, friend | philanthropist – one who loves humanity; philology – the love of words; philosophy – the love of wisdom; bibliophil – loving books |
| phon/o /e/y |
sound | cacophony – loud, unpleasant sounds; phonetic – relating to human speech sounds |
| phot/o | light | photogenic – caused by light; photon – the smallest possible unit of light |
| phyll/o | leaf | chlorophyll – green pigments in leaves |
| phys | nature, medicine, the body | physical – relating to the body; physician – a doctor; physique – nature and shape of one’s body |
| phyt/o/e | plant, to grow | hydrophyte – a plant growing only in water; neophyte – a new believer |
| plas/t/m | to form, development, forming cells |
protoplasm – the living portion of a cell; plastic – able to be formed |
| plaud, plod, plaus, plos | approve, clap | applaud – to show approval of; plausible – worthy of being applauded |
| pneum/o | breathing, lung, air, spirit | pneumonia – inflammation of the lungs; pneumatic – using the force of air; dyspnea – difficulty breathing |
| pod/e | foot | podiatrist – a doctor for the feet; podium – a small platform to stand on; tripod – a stand or frame with 3 legs |
| poli | city | metropolis – a large city; politics – a action of a government |
| poly | many, more than one | polychrome – with many colors |
| pon | place, put | opponent – a person against an action, idea; postpone – to put off doing something |
| pop | people | popular – appealing to a lot of people; population – all people living in an area; populist – a supporter of the rights of people |
| port | carry | export – to carry goods out of a place; portable – able to be carried; porter – a person who carries luggage |
| pos | place, put | deposit – to place or drop something; position – the place where someone is |
| post | after, behind | posthumous – after someone’s death; postpone – to delay something |
| pre | earlier, before, in front of | prepare – to get ready in advance |
| pro | before, in front of, for, forward |
prognosis – a prediction of what will happen; prologue – a passage before the main part; prophet – a person who foretells the future |
| prot/o | primitive, first, chief | prototype – the first of a kind; protocol – a first draft of a document |
| pseud/o | wrong, false | pseudonym – a fictitious name; pseudopregnancy – a false pregnancy |
| psych/o | mind, mental | psyche – the human spirit or soul; psychology – the study of the mind |
| pugn/a, pung |
to fight | pugnacious – having a quarrelsome nature; repugnant – offensive or revolting; pungent – piercing |
| pul | urge | compulsion – a very strong urge; expulsion – to someone out |
| purg | clean | purge – remove anything undesirable; purgatory – a place to clean souls from sin |
| put | think | computer – an electronic thinking device; dispute – to disagree with another thinking; input – contribution of one’s thinking |
| pyr/o | fire, heat | pyrotechnics – the art of making fireworks; pyretic – relating to or producing fever |
| quad/r/ri | four | quadrennium – period of 4 years; quadruped – a 4-footed animal |
| quart | fourth | quarter – one fourth; quart – a fourth of a gallon |
| quin/t | five, fifth | quintessence – pure essence; quintuple – fivefold |
| radic, radix |
root | eradicate – pull out at the roots; radish – an edible root of the mustard family |
| radio | radiation, ray | radioactive – emitting radiation |
| ram/i | branch | ramification – consequence of a decision; ramify – to spread or branch out; ramus – a branchlike part |
| re | again, back, backward | rebound – to spring back again; rewind – to wind something backward; reaction – a response |
| reg | guide, rule | regime – a government that rules; regulate – to apply a rule |
| retro | backward, back | retroactive – relating to past things |
| rhin/o | nose | rhinoplasty – surgery of the nose |
| rhod/o | red | rhododendron – a red/pink flower; rhodopsin – a purple pigment in the retina |
| rid | laugh | deride – to make fun of someone; ridicule – to make fun or mock; ridiculous – silly, causing laughter |
| rrh/ea /oea/ag |
flow, discharge | hemorrhage – heavy blood flow |
| rub | red | ruby – deep red color; rubella – measles; bilirubin – reddish pigment in bile |
| rupt | break, burst | interrupt – to break into a conversation rupture – a break in something |
| san | health | sane – mentally healthy; sanitary – relating to cleanliness and health |
| scend | climb, go | ascend – to climb upward; descend – to go or climb down |
| sci | know | conscious – knowing what is happening omniscient – knowing everything |
| scler/o | hard | sclerometer – a device to measure hardness |
| scop/e/y | see, examine, observe | microscope – a device to see tiny things |
| scrib, script |
write, written | inscribe – to write letters or words; scribe – a person who writes out documents |
| se | apart | secede – to formally break away from; seclude – to keep away from; serum – a liquid isolated out of another |
| sect | cut | dissect – to cut apart piece by piece; bisect – to cut into two equal parts |
| sed, sid, sess | sit | reside – be stationed |
| self | of, for, or by itself | self-respect – respect for yourself |
| semi | half, partial | semiannual – every half year; semicircle – half a circle; semiconscious – partly conscious; semiannual – every half of a year |
| sept/i | seven | September – the seventh month; septet – a group of seven musicians |
| serv | save, keep | conserve – to save or keep something safe; preserve – to save something; reservation – a place kept for a person |
| sex | six | sextet – a composition or group of six; sextuple – sixfold; sexagenarian – person in his/her sixties |
| sol | alone | desolate – lonely, dismal, gloomy; solitary – done alone, by yourself; solo – one’s performance |
| sol | sun | solar – involving the sun; parasol – umbrella protecting from the sun |
| somn/I | sleep | insomnia – inability to fall asleep; somniloquy – talking in your sleep; somnolent – feeling sleepy |
| son | sound | consonant – a speech sound; sonorous – producing loud, full, rich sounds; supersonic – faster than sound; unison – as one voice |
| soph | wise | philosopher – a wise person sophism – a clever but misleading argument |
| spec/t, spic |
see, look | circumspect – cautious, looking all around; retrospective – looking back at past things; spectator – a person who sees an event |
| sphere | ball | biosphere – round surface of the earth |
| spir | breathe | inspire – to stimulate or animate; spirit – invisible life force |
| sta | stand | stable – standing steady and firm; stagnant – standing still, not moving; stationary – at a standstill, fixed |
| stell | star | interstellar – between the stars; stellar – relating to stars |
| struct | build | construct – to build; structure – something built |
| sub | under, lower than, inferior to |
submarine – an underwater boat; submerge – to put underwater; substandard – inferior to standards |
| sum | highest | sum – the combined total of everything; summation – the total, highest amount; summit – the highest point or top |
| super | higher in quality or quantity |
super bowl – the final annual football game; superior – above average, better in quality; supersonic – faster than the speed of sound |
| sy/m /n/l/s |
together, with, same | symmetry – similarity in arrangement; synergy – the combined effect; synchronize – to occur at the same time |
| tact, tang | touch | contact – a state in which two things touch; tactile – relating to the sense of touch; tangible – able to be touched; intact – with nothing missing |
| tax/o | arrangement | syntax – systematic arrangement of words; taxonomy – science of classification |
| techno | technique, skill | technology – application of knowledge; technocracy – rule of technology |
| tel/e/o | far, distant, complete | telescope – a device to view distant objects |
| temp/or | time | contemporary – existing at the same time; temporal – relating to time; temporary – lasting for a limited time |
| ten, tin, tent | hold | continent – serving to restrain or limit; detention – the act or fact of detaining; |
| ter, trit | rub | attrition – act of rubbing together; detritus – a product of disintegration |
| term/ina | end, limit | terminate – to end; exterminate – to destroy completely |
| terr/a/i | land, earth | extraterrestrial – existing outside the earth; terrain – ground or land; territory – an area of land |
| tetra | four | tetrapod – having 4 legs; tetrarchy – government by 4 rulers |
| the | put | bibliotheca – a list or catalog of books; theme – a proposition for discussion |
| the/o | god | monotheism – belief in one god; polytheism – worshiping more than one god; theology – the study of religion, god, etc |
| therm/o | heat | thermal – relating to heat; thermos – an insulated jar to keep heat in; thermostat – a device that controls heat |
| tort | twist | contortion – a twisted shape or position; distort – to alter the shape or condition of |
| tox | poison | toxic – poisonous; toxicology – the study of poisons; intoxicated – influenced by drugs |
| tract | pull, drag | attract – to pull objects nearer; tractor – a motor vehicle that pulls things |
| trans | across, beyond, through | transcontinental – across the continent; transfer – to move between places |
| tri | three, once in every three, third |
triangle – a figure with 3 sides and 3 angles; triathlon – an athletic contest with 3 events; tricycle – a 3-wheeI vehicle with pedals |
| ultra | beyond, extreme, more than | ultrahigh – extremely high |
| un | not,opposite of, lacking | unabridged – not shortened; unfair – opposite of fair; unfriendly – lacking friendliness |
| uni | one, single | unicycle – a vehicle with one wheel; unique – the only one of its kind; unison – as one voice |
| urb | city | urban – relating to a city; urbanology – the study of city life |
| vac | empty | evacuate – to empty a dangerous place; vacant – empty, not occupied; vacation – a time without work |
| ven/t | come | circumvent – to bypass restrictions; intervene – to come between |
| ver/I | truth | veracious – truthful, honest; veracity – the truth; verify – to make sure that something is true |
| verb | word | verbalize – to put into words; adverb – a word relating to a verb |
| vers, vert |
turn | reverse – to turn around; introvert – being turned towards the inside; version – a variation of an original |
| vice | acting in place of, next in rank |
vice-president – a person below president |
| vid | see | evident – clearly seen |
| vince, vic |
conquer | convince – to win someone over; invincible – not able to be conquered; victory – the conquest of an enemy |
| vis, vid | see | vision – the ability to see; envision – to picture in the mind; evident – clearly visible |
| viv/i vit |
live, life | revival – the act of bringing back to life; vital – pertaining to live; vivacious – high-spirited and full of life |
| voc/i | voice, call | advocate – to speak in favor of; vocalize – to produce with your voice |
| vol/i/u | wish, will | volition – act of making a choice or decision; voluntary – resulting from your own free will |
| vor, vour |
eat | carnivorous – meat-eating; voracious – eating food in great quantities; devour – to eat quickly |
| xanth | yellow | xanthium – a genus of rough or spiny herbs; xanthochromia – yellowish discoloration |
| xen/o | foreign | xenophobic – afraid of foreigners; xenophile – attracted to foreigners |
| xer/o/I | dry | xerography – a dry photocopying process; xeric – requiring small amounts of moisture |
| xyl | wood | xylocarp, xyloid – resembling wood |
| zo/o | animal life | zoology – study of animals; zooid – resembling an animal |
| zyg/o | pair | zygote – a cell of the union of two gametes; zygomorphic – having symmetrical form |
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