Preposition, atau kata depan dalam bahasa Indonesia, merupakan bagian dari parts of speech yang sangat penting. Karena preposition biasanya digunakan di depan noun (kata benda) atau pronoun (kata ganti) dan menunjukkan hubungan antara kedua kata tersebut dengan kata lainnya dalam sebuah kalimat. Mereka dapat menggambarkan posisi, waktu, cara sesuatu dilakukan, dan lain sebagainya. Berikut akan dipaparkan pengertian, jenis, contoh, dan fungsi preposition.
Pengertian Preposition
Preposition atau kata depan adalah kata yang diletakkan sebelum noun, pronoun, noun phrase, noun clause, dan gerund (objects of preposition). Pola:
| Preposition + noun, pron, NP, N Cl, V-ing |
Contoh:
| He likes listening to music. To (preposition) diikuti oleh music yang berkelas kata noun. |
| Let’s wait for her to come. Preposisi for mengawali pronoun her. |
| My house is beside the church. Beside, yang berkelas kata preposition, mengawali the church (noun phrase). |
| I have no idea of what you’re going to do. Of juga termasuk preposition, dan what you’re going to do merupakan noun clause. |
| Her sister is awfully keen on watching movies. On memiliki kelas kata preposition, dan watching berupa gerund (V-ing). |
Dari kalimat di atas dapat dilihat bahwa preposition diikuti oleh objeknya, yang dapat berupa noun, pronoun, noun phrase, noun clause, ataupun gerund.
Bentuk Preposition
Berikut jenis dan contoh preposition dalam bahasa Inggris.
A. One-Word Prepositions
Preposition yang terdiri dari satu kata memiliki dua bentuk:
-
Tanpa akhiran -ing
aboard before during off throughout about behind except (for) on till above below for opposite to across beneath from out (of) toward(s) after beside*** in outside under against besides**** inside over underneath along (side) between into past until amid (= amidst) beyond less per up among* but like plus versus (= against) around** by minus re via (= by way of) At despite near since with Atop (= on top of) down of through without * Amongst lebih disukai di BE.
** Bentuk informalnya adalah round.
*** Beside mempunyai arti “disamping” secara fisik, contoh: She sat beside me.
**** Besides mempunyai arti “disamping” TIDAK secara fisik, contoh: She likes shopping besides sightseeing. -
Dengan akhiran -ing
baring during including regarding touching concerning excepting notwithstanding respecting considering excluding pending saving
B. Two-Word Prepositions
Preposition yang terdiri dari dua kata meliputi:
-
Dengan OF
ahead of exclusive of irrespective of east (west, south, north) of apropos of inclusive of regardless of because of instead of short of -
Dengan TO
according to on to (= onto) relative to antecedent to owing to subject to as to previous (ly) to subsequent (ly) to contrary to prior to thanks to counter to pursuant to up to due to next to -
Dengan WITH
along with concurrently with together with -
Dengan FOR
as for except (for) save (for) but (for) -
Dengan FROM
apart from aside from away from -
Dengan UP
up against up till up to up at up until
C. More-than-Two-Word Prepositions
Preposition yang terdiri dari tiga kata atau lebih meliputi:
| PREPOSITION | PREPOSITION | ||||
| by | dint means order reason virtue way |
of | on the | face occasion part point strength top |
of |
| at the | cost hands point risk |
of | as a | consequence result |
of |
| with the | exception purpose |
of | in | accordance addition advance back care case comparison connection contrast favor front lieu proportion regard respect return spite |
with to of of of of with with with of of of to to to for of |
| with | an eye a view |
to | in (the) | course event face light process |
of |
| for | fear lack want |
of | in the | middle (midst) | of |
| for the | benefit purpose sake |
of | In | common compliance search recognition default opposition |
with with of of of to |
| with | reference regard respect |
to | on | account behalf pain |
of |
Jenis dan Contoh Preposition
Berikut jenis dan contoh preposition dalam bahasa Inggris.
A. Free and Bound Prepositions
Berdasarkan jenisnya, preposition dikelompokkan menjadi dua, yaitu:
-
Free Preposition (bebas)
Free preposition adalah preposisi yang penggunaannya tidak terikat dengan kata-kata tertentu atau, dengan kata lain, yang dapat digunakan secara bebas. Yang termasuk ke dalam kelompok ini adalah preposisi yang disebutkan di muka. Contoh:
I’m sitting on a bench.
The grass over the hill looks greener.
He was willing to sacrifice anything for the sake of his family. -
Bound Preposition (terikat)
Bound preposition adalah preposisi yang mempunyai aturan dalam penggunaannya. Preposisi ini digunakan terikat dengan kata-kata tertentu seperti: verb, noun, dan adjective.
a) verb + prepVERB + PREP
Contoh:
accuse sb* of
apologize (to sb) for
apply to sb/ for sth**
ask for/ about
attend to
beg for
believe in
beware of
change sb with
compare sth with
comply with
comform to
consist of
deal in
depend on
dream of
fight with sb for
fine sb for
hope forinsist on
live on (food/ money)
long for
object to
occur to
persist in
prefer sb/ sth to sb/ sth
prepare for
quarrel with sb about
refer to
rely on
remain sb of
resort to
succeed in
suspect sb of
think of/ about
wait for
warn sb of/ about
wish for* sb = somebody
** sth = somethingDo you believe in ghosts?
They were charged with receiving stolen goods.
You haven’t complied with the regulations.
For a week she lived on bananas and milk.
It never occured to me to insure the house.
They persist in defying the law.
When arguments failed he resorted to threats.b) noun + prep
NOUN + PREP
Contoh:
choice of
excuse for
intention ofmethod for
possibility for
reason forGeorge has no excuse for dropping out the school.
There is a possibility of acquiring this property at a good price.
There is no reason for leaving this early.
Connie has developed a method for evaluating this problem.c) adj + prep
ADJ + PREP
Contoh:
absorbed in
accustomed to
afraid of
anxious of/ about
ashamed of
aware of
bad at/ for
capable of
confident of
exposed to
fit for
fond of
frightened of/ at
good at/ for
interested inkeen on
liable for/ to
nervous of
pleased with
prepared for
proud of
ready for
responsible for/ to
scared of
sorry for/ about
successful in
suspicious of
terrified of
tired of
used toHe was absorbed in his book.
She is afraid/ frightened/ scared of the dark.
He is bad/ good at chess. (a bad/ good player)
Perbedaan Preposition dan Adverb
Dalam bahasa Inggris, ada banyak kata yang termasuk preposisi dan sekaligus adverb. Untuk membedakannya yaitu: preposisi apabila diikuti oleh objek preposisi (noun, pronoun NP, N Cl, dan gerund), dan adverb apabila sebagai kata akhir atau diikuti komponen selain objek preposisi. Contoh:
| Preposition: He fell down the stairs. Please come in the house. He got off the bus at the corner. |
| Adverb: He fell down. Please come in. He got off at the corner. |
Fungsi Preposition
Secara garis besar, fungsi preposition dalam bahasa Inggris adalah sebagai penanda:
-
Time (waktu)
That shop opens at 7.00 a.m. -
Place and direction (tempat dan arah)
She was born in Sydney. -
Agent (pelaku)
This novel was written by Harper Lee. -
Instrument (alat)
I can make calligraphy with a brush.
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