A. DIRECT SPEECH
Direct speech adalah kalimat yang dikutip secara langsung dari pembicaranya, tanpa mengubah, menambah, ataupun mengurangi isi pesan. Dalam penulisan, kalimat ini ditandai dengan tanda kutip (“ ….”). Contoh:
| He said, “I will leave for Bandung tonight.” My mom asked, “Where did you put the key?” The teacher told the kids, “Don’t make much noise!” |
B. INDIRECT SPEECH
Indirect atau reported speech adalah kalimat pembicara yang dinyatakan kembali oleh pembicara lain dengan cara mengubah sudut pandangnya, yakni dengan mengubah pronounnya. Selain itu, biasanya, kalimat ini ditulis dengan membubuhkan konjungsi, sesuai dengan bentuk kalimatnya. Kaitannya dengan hal ini, kalimat dibedakan tiga:
|
Kalimat |
Konjungsi |
| Pernyataan | That* |
| Pertanyaan: | |
| a. Yes/no question | If/whether (apakah) |
| b. WH question | Kata tanya yang dipakai (who, what, why, how, …) |
| Perintah: | |
| a. Perintah | To V1 |
| b. Larangan | Not to V1 |
* That bersifat opsional dalam indirect speech. Boleh ditulis, boleh tidak.
Contoh:
|
Direct speech |
Indirect speech |
| He said, “I will leave for Bandung tonight.” | He said (that) he would leave for Bandung that night. |
| My mom asked, “Where did you put the key?” | My mom asked where I had put the key. |
| The teacher told the kids, “Don’t make much noise!” | The teacher told the kids not to make much noise. |
C. PERUBAHAN PRONOUNS
Perubahan pronoun terjadi saat direct speech berubah menjadi indirect speech. Seperti dijelaskan sebelumnya, hal ini dikarenakan berubahnya sudut pandang. Dan berikut adalah perubahan pronoun yang muncul dalam indirect speech.
|
Direct speech |
Indirect speech |
| I, me, my, myself, mine | Menyesuaikan subjek main clause* |
| You, you, your, yourself/ves, yours | Menyesuaikan objek main clause |
| Pronoun lain | Menyesuaikan konteks kalimat |
* Main clause adalah bagian yang tidak bertanda kutip dalam direct speech (he said, my mom asked, the teacher told the kids).
Contoh:
|
Direct speech |
Indirect speech |
| Mr Gibson tells me, “I know your father very well.” | Mr Gibson tells me he knows my father very well. |
| They say, “We are learning speaking.” | They say they are learning speaking. |
| He has told us, “Your books are on the desk.” | He has told us that our books are on the desk. |
D. PERUBAHAN TENSES
Di samping pronoun, perubahan tenses dimungkinkan pula untuk terjadi dalam indirect speech, khususnya jika main clause diberikan dalam bentuk simple past. Adapun perubahan tenses-nya berlaku seperti di bawah ini.
|
PRESENT |
PAST |
PERFECT |
| Simple present | Simple past | Past perfect |
| Present continuous | Past continuous | Past perfect continuous |
| Present perfect | Past perfect | |
| Present perfect continuous | Past perfect continuous | |
|
PRESENT FUTURE |
PAST FUTURE |
PAST FUTURE PERFECT |
| Simple future | Past future | Past future perfect |
| Future continuous | Past future continuous | Past future perfect cont |
| Future perfect | Past future perfect | |
| Future perfect continuous | Past future perfect cont | |
|
PRESENT MODAL |
PAST MODAL |
|
| Can | Could | |
| Will | Would | |
| Shall | Should | |
| May | Might | |
| Must, has/have to | Had to | |
| … | … |
* Perubahan tenses mengikuti alur: present > past > past perfect
Contoh:
|
Direct speech |
Indirect speech |
| I said, “I don’t know.” | I said that I didn’t know. |
| He asked me, “Were you so busy?” | He asked me if I had been busy. |
| The police told us, “You can leave.” | The police told us that we could leave.” |
E. PERUBAHAN ADVERBS
Tak hanya tenses, adverbs juga dapat mengalami perubahan ketika main clause dalam bentuk simple past. Dan perubahannya yaitu:
|
Direct speech |
Indirect speech |
| Now | Then |
| Today | That day |
| Tomorrow | The following/next day |
| Next month | The following month |
| Next year | The following year |
| Yesterday | The day before |
| Last night | The night before |
| Last week | The week before |
| Two days ago | Two days before |
| Five months ago | Five months before |
| This | That |
| These | Those |
| Here | There |
Contoh:
|
Direct speech |
Indirect speech |
| David said, “I get to go now.” | David said that he got to go then. |
| He told me, “We will meet tonight.” | He told me we would meet that night. |
| The man reminded me, “be here at two.” | The man reminded me to be there at two. |
